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"Militarization, Women, and Men: Gendered Militarizations" published on by Oxford University Press.

This study analyzes the prevalent historic and contemporary images of American women in war. Evidence suggests that while men have been endowed with the responsibilities of the protector, women have been more comfortably considered as society's protected. Chapter One provides a review of the relevant literature. It assesses the construction, endurance and implications of gender images, as well as the protector-protected relationship, in the American Military. Chapters Two and Three analyze the images of women over the history of American conflicts. It reveals that the images and roles of women as protected are subject to a process of expansion and contraction. In Chapter Four, this framework is applied to the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Despite an expanded military role, women both on the homefront, and on the battle front, were portrayed by the media as the protected. This finding was reinforced by the case study of Gulf War POW, Melissa Rathbun-Nealy, which includes a content analysis and personal interview. The Persian Gulf War failed to yield significant changes in the role or perception of women in the military. It could be argued that this is the result of the endurance of the image of women as protected. Thus, the Gulf War conformed to the historical pattern set out in Chapters Two and Three in that after its conclusion there was a significant contraction in the role of women. Further, the image of women as protected reasserted itself in postwar discourse. This conclusion is a departure from many popular and scholarly assessments.Dept. of History, Philosophy, and Political Science. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis1995 .N36. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 34-06, page: 2230. Adviser: Martha Lee. Thesis (M.A.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 1996.

This article explores the European Union (EU)'s Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) through a framework based on feminist institutional theory that highlights the durability in the dynamics of gender relations. Path dependency based on historic features of military institutions—a strict sex division based on "gender war roles"—has influenced the development of different CSDP bodies. The CSDP is sexed because male bodies dominate the organizations studied, yet this remains invisible through normalization. A dominant EU hierarchical military masculinity is institutionalized in the EU's Military Committee, combat heterosexual masculinity in the Battle groups, and EU protector masculinity in the EU Training missions. The CSDP embodies different types of military masculinities; the relations between them are important for the reproduction of the gender order through a gendered logic of appropriateness. Yet, this too is invisible as part of the informal aspects of organizations. While women's bodies are written out of the CSDP, the construction of femininity in relation to the protector/protected binary is central to it. Two protected femininities are read in the texts. The vulnerable femininity of women in conflict areas is important for how the CSDP understands itself in relation to gender mainstreaming. In relation to the vulnerable femininity, CSDP constructs an EU protector masculinity, in turn, set against an aggressive violent masculinity in the areas where missions are deployed. Women's bodies are absent from the CSDP and they lack agency but are nevertheless associated with a protected femininity.

How does war reconfigure women's social roles and status? This article investigates how women's volunteering during conflict can challenge gendered divisions within society and transform the binary of masculine protector and feminine protected. When the Donbas conflict erupted in Ukraine in 2014, women assumed central roles as civilian volunteers who aided populations affected by violence. They gained a high level of social status in the context of a weak state, distrusted by its populace. Based on ten months of fieldwork and eighty-two interviews with civilian volunteers, this article argues that volunteering became a space of gendered negotiations over women's position alongside wartime binaries of home/front and protector/protected. Ultimately, certain types of wartime volunteering created more opportunities for blurring these gendered divisions, enabling volunteer women to be framed as protectors of both soldiers and civilians. Moreover, age intersected with gender, as volunteer women's life stage influenced their ability to become leaders within volunteer groups and their bodies were interpreted alongside gender roles within the family.

ABSTRACT The Hibiscus Coast Municipality assumed it had the authority to issue or amend bylaws to formalise an existing nudist friendly beach within the Mpenjati Nature Reserve. Following a complaint, the Public Protector concluded the same when she investigated the legality of the Municipality's actions. Two immediate questions arise. The first, whether the Municipality and the Public Protector were correct in their view that the Municipality has the authority over the beach irrespective of the presence of a protected area, and the second, whether nudism is a legal activity therein. Both the Municipality and the Public Protector overlooked the relevance of the nudist friendly beach being located within a protected area and the power of the management authority to determine the nature of the tourism that takes place therein. Nudism within a protected area appears not to be in conflict with the Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1969 and hence may be a legitimate activity within such area. The National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act 57 of 2003 and the Regulations thereunder appear not to contain provisions that prohibit nudism or other niche nature based tourism activities. Provided that the activity conforms to the purpose of the Act and proteced area management plan and zonation and does not pose a significant physical risk to the integrity of the protected area, the conservation agency may be hard-pressed to refuse a request for a niche nature based tourism activity, such as nudism, to be included in the zonation - should one be received.1 Key words: Municipality, National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, nature based tourism, nudist friendly beach, protected area, Public Protector, Sexual Offences Act, zonation.

Relations between Qatar and the United States constitute a mutually beneficial form of bilateral hierarchy that can usefully be considered to be a protectorate. The dynamics inherent in protectorates put the protector state in a disproportionately strong position early on, and place severe constraints on the activities of the protected partner. As time passes, this initial distribution of leverage shifts and the protected state becomes able to undertake foreign policy initiatives that contravene, and sometimes even cause damage to, the security interests of the protector. At the same time, the protected state's capacity to engage in autonomous, self-interested action in the regional and global arenas is shaped by the level of threat that it confronts from surrounding states. Taken together, these two factors offer a cogent explanation for recent trends in Qatari diplomacy. ; Las relación entre Catar y los Estados Unidos constituye un tipo de jerarquía bilateral mutuamente beneficiosa, que sería útil considerar como si fuera un protectorado. La dinámica inherente a los protectorados sitúa en el inicio al estado protector en una posición de fuerza desproporcionada, e impone severas restricciones sobre las actividades del estado socio. Con el paso del tiempo, esta distribución inicial de beneficios cambia, y el estado socio es capaz de tomar iniciativas en política exterior que pueden contravenir, e incluso dañar, los intereses de seguridad del protector. Simultáneamente, la capacidad del estado protegido de iniciar acciones autónomas e interesadas en las escenas regional y global está determinada por el nivel de amenaza al que se enfrenta proveniente de los estados colindantes. Tomados en conjunto, estos dos factores ofrecen una explicación convincente a las últimas tendencias de la diplomacia catarí.

Protected lands are the most valuable places for in situ conservation of nature. In Panama, these natural spaces are of institutional and management interest due to the environmental benefit they offer, despite intense human pressure to which they are subject. In this sense, National System of Protected Areas (SINAP) of Department of Management of Protected Areas of the Ministry of Environment (MiAmbiente) of Panama, through the Program for Monitoring the Effectiveness of Management of Protected Areas (PMEMAP) verifies all these lands and its current status. Panama has 105 legally established protected areas, of which Colon province have four of them, Portobelo National Park, San Lorenzo Protector Forest and Protected Landscape, Gatun Lake Recreational Area and Galeta Island Protected Landscape. However, since 2012, they have not had an in-depth analysis that describes their particularity around social, environmental, cultural and economic aspects, information that could be useful in the search for possible short, medium and long term lines of action. In this descriptive research on Colon province protected areas and its current situation, based on five axes: social, administrative, economic-financial, political-legal, natural and cultural resources, as well as scientific research and protected land recorded threats, field work was carried out and information from the Department of Protected Area Management of the Ministry of Environment was reviewed. The results show diverse realities in each of the protected areas treated, it is recommended to establish new action plans and strategic alliances supported by environmental education, production and strengthening of scientific knowledge and increase of qualified personnel. On the other hand, recorded threats show a significant increase, which suggests a negative impact on their integrity. ; Las áreas protegidas son por excelencia los lugares más valiosos para la conservación in situ de la naturaleza en un país. En Panamá, dichos espacios naturales son de interés institucional y de gestión por el beneficio ambiental que ofrecen, a pesar de la intensa presión humana de la cual son objeto. Al respecto, el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (SINAP) del departamento de Manejo de Áreas Protegidas del Ministerio de Ambiente (MiAmbiente) de Panamá, través del Programa de Monitoreo de la Efectividad del Manejo de las Áreas Protegidas (PMEMAP) verifica todas a nivel nacional y su estado actual. El país cuenta con ciento cinco (105) áreas protegidas legalmente establecidas, de las cuales la provincia de Colón cuenta con cuatro: Parque Nacional Portobelo, Bosque Protector y Paisaje Protegido San Lorenzo, Área Recreativa Lago Gatún y Paisaje Protegido de Isla Galeta. Sin embargo, estas no cuentan desde 2012 con un análisis profundo que describa su particularidad en torno a aspectos sociales, ambientales, culturales y económicos, información que podría ser útil en la búsqueda de las posibles líneas de acción a corto, mediano y largo plazo. En esta investigación de carácter descriptivo sobre áreas protegidas de Colón y su situación actual, basándose en cinco ejes: social, administrativos, económicofinancieros, político-legal, recursos naturales y culturales, además de investigaciones científicas y amenazas registradas, se realizó trabajo de campo y se revisó información del departamento de Manejo Áreas Protegidas del Ministerio de Ambiente. Los resultados muestran realidades diversas en cada una de las áreas protegidas tratadas, se recomienda establecer nuevos planes de acción y alianzas estratégicas apoyadas en educación ambiental, producción y fortalecimiento del conocimiento científico e incremento de personal idóneo. Por otro lado, las amenazas registradas se muestra un incremento significativo, lo que sugiere una incidencia negativa en la integridad de dichas áreas.

Protected lands are the most valuable places for in situ conservation of nature. In Panama, these natural spaces are of institutional and management interest due to the environmental benefit they offer, despite intense human pressure to which they are subject. In this sense, National System of Protected Areas (SINAP) of Department of Management of Protected Areas of the Ministry of Environment (MiAmbiente) of Panama, through the Program for Monitoring the Effectiveness of Management of Protected Areas (PMEMAP) verifies all these lands and its current status. Panama has 105 legally established protected areas, of which Colon province have four of them, Portobelo National Park, San Lorenzo Protector Forest and Protected Landscape, Gatun Lake Recreational Area and Galeta Island Protected Landscape. However, since 2012, they have not had an in-depth analysis that describes their particularity around social, environmental, cultural and economic aspects, information that could be useful in the search for possible short, medium and long term lines of action. In this descriptive research on Colon province protected areas and its current situation, based on five axes: social, administrative, economic-financial, political-legal, natural and cultural resources, as well as scientific research and protected land recorded threats,field work was carried out and information from the Department of Protected Area Management of the Ministry of Environment was reviewed. The results show diverse realities in each of the protected areas treated, it is recommended to establish new action plans and strategic alliances supported by environmental education, production and strengthening of scientific knowledge and increase of qualified personnel. On the other hand, recorded threats show a significant increase, which suggests a negative impact on their integrity. ; Las áreas protegidas son por excelencia los lugares más valiosos para la conservación in situ de la naturaleza en un país. En Panamá, dichos espacios naturales son de interés institucional y de gestión por el beneficio ambiental que ofrecen, a pesar de la intensa presión humana de la cual son objeto. Al respecto, el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (SINAP) del departamento de Manejo de Áreas Protegidas del Ministerio de Ambiente (MiAmbiente) de Panamá, través del Programa de Monitoreo de la Efectividad del Manejo de las Áreas Protegidas (PMEMAP) verifica todas a nivel nacional y su estado actual. El país cuenta con ciento cinco (105) áreas protegidas legalmente establecidas, de las cuales la provincia de Colón cuenta con cuatro: Parque Nacional Portobelo, Bosque Protector y Paisaje Protegido San Lorenzo, Área Recreativa Lago Gatún y Paisaje Protegido de Isla Galeta. Sin embargo, estas nocuentan desde 2012 con un análisis profundo que describa su particularidad en torno a aspectos sociales, ambientales, culturales y económicos, información que podría ser útil en la búsqueda de las posibles líneas de acción a corto, mediano y largo plazo. En esta investigación de carácter descriptivo sobre áreas protegidas de Colón y su situación actual, basándose en cinco ejes: social, administrativos, económico-financieros, político-legal, recursos naturales y culturales, además de investigaciones científicas y amenazas registradas, se realizó trabajo de campo y se revisó información del departamento de Manejo Áreas Protegidas del Ministerio de Ambiente. Los resultados muestran realidades diversas en cada una de las áreas protegidas tratadas, se recomienda establecer nuevos planes de acción y alianzas estratégicas apoyadas en educación ambiental, producción y fortalecimiento del conocimiento científico e incremento de personal idóneo. Por otro lado, las amenazas registradas se muestra un incremento significativo, lo que sugiere una incidencia negativa en la integridad de dichas áreas.

Protected lands are the most valuable places for in situ conservation of nature. In Panama, these natural spaces are of institutional and management interest due to the environmental benefit they offer, despite intense human pressure to which they are subject. In this sense, National System of Protected Areas (SINAP) of Department of Management of Protected Areas of the Ministry of Environment (MiAmbiente) of Panama, through the Program for Monitoring the Effectiveness of Management of Protected Areas (PMEMAP) verifies all these lands and its current status. Panama has 105 legally established protected areas, of which Colon province have four of them, Portobelo National Park, San Lorenzo Protector Forest and Protected Landscape, Gatun Lake Recreational Area and Galeta Island Protected Landscape. However, since 2012, they have not had an in-depth analysis that describes their particularity around social, environmental, cultural and economic aspects, information that could be useful in the search for possible short, medium and long term lines of action. In this descriptive research on Colon province protected areas and its current situation, based on five axes: social, administrative, economic-financial, political-legal, natural and cultural resources, as well as scientific research and protected land recorded threats,field work was carried out and information from the Department of Protected Area Management of the Ministry of Environment was reviewed. The results show diverse realities in each of the protected areas treated, it is recommended to establish new action plans and strategic alliances supported by environmental education, production and strengthening of scientific knowledge and increase of qualified personnel. On the other hand, recorded threats show a significant increase, which suggests a negative impact on their integrity. ; Las áreas protegidas son por excelencia los lugares más valiosos para la conservación in situ de la naturaleza en un país. En Panamá, dichos espacios naturales son de interés institucional y de gestión por el beneficio ambiental que ofrecen, a pesar de la intensa presión humana de la cual son objeto. Al respecto, el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (SINAP) del departamento de Manejo de Áreas Protegidas del Ministerio de Ambiente (MiAmbiente) de Panamá, través del Programa de Monitoreo de la Efectividad del Manejo de las Áreas Protegidas (PMEMAP) verifica todas a nivel nacional y su estado actual. El país cuenta con ciento cinco (105) áreas protegidas legalmente establecidas, de las cuales la provincia de Colón cuenta con cuatro: Parque Nacional Portobelo, Bosque Protector y Paisaje Protegido San Lorenzo, Área Recreativa Lago Gatún y Paisaje Protegido de Isla Galeta. Sin embargo, estas nocuentan desde 2012 con un análisis profundo que describa su particularidad en torno a aspectos sociales, ambientales, culturales y económicos, información que podría ser útil en la búsqueda de las posibles líneas de acción a corto, mediano y largo plazo. En esta investigación de carácter descriptivo sobre áreas protegidas de Colón y su situación actual, basándose en cinco ejes: social, administrativos, económico-financieros, político-legal, recursos naturales y culturales, además de investigaciones científicas y amenazas registradas, se realizó trabajo de campo y se revisó información del departamento de Manejo Áreas Protegidas del Ministerio de Ambiente. Los resultados muestran realidades diversas en cada una de las áreas protegidas tratadas, se recomienda establecer nuevos planes de acción y alianzas estratégicas apoyadas en educación ambiental, producción y fortalecimiento del conocimiento científico e incremento de personal idóneo. Por otro lado, las amenazas registradas se muestra un incremento significativo, lo que sugiere una incidencia negativa en la integridad de dichas áreas.

Constitution, as the supreme law, is created to protect human rights. Constitution contains basic principles of state administration and citizens rights that have to be protected. In relation to the citizens political rights, election is related to Human Rigts matters. Election administration constitutes manifest acknowledgement of human rights in the life of the nation. Democratic election can be carrried out if there protection of human rights is guaranteed. One of the holders of judicial power that plays roles in providing human rigths protection through its decision is Constitutional Court (CC). The Court carries out the function as the guardian of the constitution, the final interpreter of the constitution. Besides, the Court also functions as the guardian of democracy, the protector of citizens' constitutional rights and the protector of human rights. The function of the Court as the protector of human rights constitute consequence of the incorporation of Human Rights as the substance of the constitution. The endeavour of the Court to protect human rights can be perceived from some of its decisions either in the case of judicila review of laws or settlement of local election disputes which are, inter alia, restoration of the right to vote for the former members of Indonesian Communist Party, the right to vote for certain ex-prisoners, the granting of rights to be candidate for parties that do not have seat in the parliament, the right to be candidate for individual independent citizen in local election, protection of rights for incumbents, the right to vote that is free from threat and terror, protection of the right to be candidate thta is free from the act of impediment and recognition of mechanisms that are recognized in customary law.

In 1828, the dramatist Leandro Fernández de Moratín was buried in the cemetery of Pére Lachaise, in Paris. Manuel Godoy, the hated First Minister of Charles IV of Spain, has lain in the same place since 1851. They both had to run away from Spain during the reign of Ferdinand VII, and lived in the French exile. Thanks to a Royal Order by Elisabeth II, Moratin's corpse was moved to a mausoleum in Spain and his memory was honoured. However, his protector, Godoy, is still the Spanish antihero for most of the historians. This essay analyzes the construction of the Spanish memory during the nineteenth century since the establishment of liberalism, a political system which also paid tribute to other artists protected by Godoy and exiled in France: the painter Goya and the poet Meléndez Valdés. ; Este artículo plantea una reflexión sobre los españoles exiliados durante el sexenio posterior a 1808, basándose sobre todo en los casos del alabado Leandro Fernández de Moratín y de su denostado protector, Manuel Godoy. Partiendo de su destierro, veremos cómo una vez fallecidos, la gestión política liberal tendrá mucho que ver con la percepción histórica que hoy tenemos de ellos. Gracias al periplo que durante décadas padeció el cuerpo del dramaturgo, analizaremos las lagunas políticas de la construcción del imaginario español durante el siglo XIX.